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Carnegie Mellon scientists show brain uses optimal code for sound

Bank Of America Investment Landmark results explain how we process sound, could improve devices from iPods to cochlear implants

"I think the best investment strategy is to pick some stocks or mutual funds you like, and stick your head in the sand and protect yourself from emotions that are going to cause you to do stupid things, " said George Loewenstein, a professor at Carnegie Mellon University, in a FOX News article.

Investment Opportunity PITTSBURGH-Scientists at Carnegie Mellon University have discovered that our ears use the most efficient way to process the sounds we hear, from babbling brooks to wailing babies. These results represent a significant advance in our understanding of how sound is encoded for transmission to the brain, according to the authors, whose work is published with an accompanying "News and Views" editorial in the Feb. 23 issue of Nature.

That November, Ono performed at the Carnegie Recital Hall (not the main hall), up toilet flushing at various points throughout the show.

Banc Of America Investment The research provides a new mathematical framework for understanding sound processing and suggests that our hearing is highly optimized in terms of signal coding-the process by which sounds are translated into information by our brains-for the range of sounds we experience. The same work also has far-reaching, long-term technological implications, such as providing a predictive model to vastly improve signal processing for better quality compressed digital audio files and designing brain-like codes for cochlear implants, which restore hearing to the deaf.

When you hear a sound, you can immediately turn your head and face it. You probably take this for granted, believe calculations your brain just performed. Scientists are discovering that you construct a spatial model in your brain that updates constantly and uses sound as well as sight. Yes, very similar to bats.

Banking Investment To achieve their results, the researchers took a radically different approach to analyzing how the brain processes sound signals. Abstracting from the neural code at the auditory nerve, they represented sound as a discrete set of time points, or a "spike code," in which acoustic components are represented only in terms of their temporal relationship with each other. That's because the intensity and basic frequency of a given feature are essentially "kernalized," or compressed mathematically, into a single spike. This is similar to a player piano roll that can reproduce any song by recording what note to press when the spike code encodes any natural sound in terms of the precise timings of the elemental acoustic features. Remarkably, when the researchers derived the optimal set of features for natural sounds, they corresponded exactly to the patterns observed by neurophysiologists in the auditory nerves.

BxVideo discovered Mediasite while working with Carnegie Mellon University, based programs, 11 in Atlanta. It hopes to expand its capabilities by building on Mediasite, which can combine video, audio, slide shows and other forms of media from various devices to create a rich presentation.

Investment Solution Strategic "We've found that timing of just a sparse number of spikes actually encodes the whole range of nature sounds, including components of speech such as vowels and consonants, and natural environment sounds like footsteps in a forest or a flowing stream," said Michael Lewicki, associate professor of computer science at Carnegie Mellon and a member of the Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition (CNBC). "We found that the optimal code for natural sounds is the same as that for speech. Oddly enough, cats share our own optimal auditory code for the English language."

The following month, Davis recorded another live show, as he and his band were joined by an orchestra led by Gil Evans at Carnegie Hall in May.

Investment Banking Services "Our work is the only research to date that efficiently processes auditory code as kernalized spikes," said Evan Smith, a graduate student in psychology at the CNBC.

Bank Investment Until now, scientists and engineers have relied on Fourier transformations-initially discovered 200 years ago-to separate and re-constitute parameters like frequency and intensity as part of traditional sound signal processing.

Alternative Investment "Our new signal processing framework appears far more efficient, effective and concise in conveying a rich variety of natural sounds than anything else," Lewicki said.

Online Investment Services The approach by Smith and Lewicki dissects sound based only on the timing of compressed "spikes" associated with vowels (like cat vocalizations), consonants (like rocks hitting one another) and sibilants (ambient noise).

Accompany Essential Investment To gather sounds for their research, the scientists traipsed through the woods and recorded cracking branches, crunching leaves and wind rustling through leaves before returning to the laboratory to de-code the information contained in this rich set of sounds. They also discovered what they consider the most "natural" sound: if they play back a random set of spikes, it sounds like running water.

Investment Company "We're very excited about this work because we can give a simple theoretical account of the auditory code which predicts how we could optimize signal processing to one day allow for much more efficient data storage on everything from DVDs to iPods," Lewicki said.

Investment Management Solution "For instance, if we could use a cochlear implant to 'talk' to the auditory nerve in a more natural way via our discovered coding, then we could quite possibly design implants that would convey sounds to the brain that are much more intelligible," he said.

Investment Management Services Carnegie Mellon University

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